22 Sep 2023

Five advantages of minimmaly invasive spine surgery

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Five Advantages of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery

Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery or MISS is a surgical approach that aims at treating a wide variety of spinal conditions without impacting the surrounding muscles, tissues, and cells negatively. Compared with open surgery, minimally invasive spine surgery offers many benefits ranging from faster return to day-to-day activities and reduced hospital stay.

Here are the five primary benefits of minimally invasive spine surgery (MISS):

1. Faster Recovery Time

The best and the most important advantage of minimally invasive spine surgery is that it doesn’t take months to recover from.

Unlike traditional open surgery, minimally invasive spine surgery does not involve making large incisions or openings in your body tissues for treatment. Moreover, the tissues surrounding the site of surgery also don’t undergo much disruption or damage because of the utilisation of smaller incisions or cuts in MISS.

Since larger incisions increase blood loss and give more trauma to the surrounding tissues, they not only cause a higher extent of pain but also take more time to heal and recover. Therefore, unlike open surgeries, minimally invasive spine surgery is done by making only small cuts.

As a result, due to lower wound formation, the intensity and the duration of pain decrease. Hence, because of decreased tissue damage and minimal trauma to the other body parts such as muscles, the overall time required to complete the surgery along with the duration of recovery decreases significantly.

Most patients who are treated using minimally invasive spine surgery get a discharge on the day of the operation itself. Faster discharge time means minimised hospital stay and a quicker start to your recovery period.

2. Less Painful Process

In minimally invasive spine surgery, the surgeon makes small incisions or cuts into your tissues and muscles to access and view the affected area for treatment.

The primary goal is to have a closer look and monitor the site of operation using specialized instruments consisting of microscopic video cameras. These cameras pass easily through the organs and tissues that are located in the deeper regions of your body such as—

Nerves of your spine
Vertebrae
Spinal discs

MISS is performed using highly advanced tools and techniques that enable access to your affected tissues without causing much disturbance to the surrounding areas. These techniques are designed to invade your tissues minimally ultimately decreasing the damage that your nerves and muscles undergo.

Henceforth, since the muscles and nerves don’t have to go through a high degree of disruption, the pain in them is minimized. Less pain means reduced need for post-operative care and pain reliever medications.

As a result, the process is less painful and has a faster recovery time in comparison with traditional open spine surgeries.

3. Reduced Risk of Complications

Common complications associated with the traditional open spine surgeries include:

Adverse effects of anaesthesia that might result in heart stroke, brain damage, heart attack etc.

Excessive bleeding due to large cuts

Surgeries that are performed on the pelvis, calves and thighs may sometimes result in the formation of blood clots

Dural tears

Development of infections that cause pain and swelling at or near the site of operation

Minimally invasive surgery doesn’t expose a large surface of your muscles, nerves and tissues to the external environment consisting of contaminants and other chemical components used for treatment. So, the chances of the development of an infection at the incision site and the possibility of other adverse effects on the surrounding tissues are reduced.

Most importantly, since highly advanced imaging technology is utilized, precision is more due to better visualization. The enhanced precision contributes towards the elimination of the risk of complications associated with spine surgery.

4. Less Muscle Damage

In open surgery, in order to have access to the deeper tissues such as nerves, discs and vertebrae for operation, the surgeon needs to first remove the muscles that are located on their upper surface. Therefore, during the procedure, a lot of muscle damage happens before the actual surgery can take place.

The procedures used in minimally invasive spine surgery, in contrast, dilate (stretch and enlarge) these muscles instead of cutting and disrupting them. Hence, the maximum of your natural muscle structure is preserved giving you better muscle functionality and decreasing muscle weakness faced post-operation.

Overall, the level of muscle damage is much less in comparison with traditional open spine surgeries.

5. Better Cosmetic Outcomes

Small cuts generate less pain and heal faster. Apart from these, the visibility of scars caused by minimally invasive surgery is less and they tend to produce better cosmetic outcomes.

Particularly if the surgery has to be performed on the externally visible parts of your body, the presence of big and ugly scars that result from large incisions post-surgery can impact your self-esteem and decrease confidence.

Minimally invasive spine surgery helps you avoid the embarrassment of noticeable scarring and heal with confidence due to enhanced cosmetic results that cause much lesser scarring.

14 Sep 2023

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Gastrointestinal Problems Among Children

Gastrointestinal problems can affect children of all ages, from infants to adolescents. These conditions can cause discomfort, affect nutrition, and impact a child’s overall well-being. This article will provide an overview of common gastrointestinal problems among children, including their symptoms, causes, and potential treatment options.

Common Gastrointestinal Problems in Children: Overview and Management

Gastrointestinal problems among children are common and can affect various parts of the digestive system, including the oesophagus, stomach, intestines, and rectum.

Some of the most common gastrointestinal problems in children include:

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

GERD occurs when stomach acid flows back into the oesophagus, causing heartburn, regurgitation, and discomfort. It can lead to discomfort, poor weight gain, and irritability in infants and young children.

Symptoms may include:

Frequent Spitting Up
Irritability
Feeding Difficulties
Poor Weight Gain

Treatment may involve lifestyle modifications, medication, and feeding changes under the guidance of a pediatric gastroenterologist.

Constipation

Constipation is characterised by infrequent bowel movements or difficulty passing stools. It can be caused by:

A lack of fibre and fluids in the diet
Inadequate physical activity
Certain medications

Symptoms may include:

Abdominal pain
Bloating
Hard and dry stools

Chronic constipation can cause abdominal pain and discomfort.

Treatment may involve:

Dietary changes (increasing fibre intake)
Adequate fluid intake
Sometimes medication or stool softeners

Diarrhea

Diarrhoea is defined as loose, watery stools that occur more frequently than usual.

It is often caused by:

Viral or bacterial infections
Food poisoning
Food intolerance’s
Changes in diet
Certain medical conditions

In some cases, persistent diarrhoea can lead to dehydration.

Treatment typically focuses on:

Rehydration
Maintaining a balanced diet
And, addressing the underlying cause if necessary

Celiac Disease

Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder triggered by gluten consumption. It causes damage to the small intestine, leading to digestive problems such as:

Abdominal pain
Bloating
Diarrhoea
Poor nutrient absorption

Food Allergies and Intolerances

Some children may have adverse reactions to certain foods, such as allergies or intolerances. Examples of such foods include:

Peanuts
Milk
Eggs
Shellfish, etc.

Symptoms can vary widely but may include gastrointestinal symptoms such as:

Abdominal pain
Diarrhoea
Vomiting

Treatment involves identifying and avoiding trigger foods, and in the case of severe allergies, carrying emergency medication.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)

IBD includes conditions like Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, which cause chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract.

Symptoms may include:

Abdominal Pain
Diarrhoea
Bloody stools
Weight loss
Fatigue

Gastroenteritis

Also known as the stomach flu, is an inflammation of the stomach and intestines which is usually caused by viral or bacterial infections.

It leads to symptoms like:

Vomiting
Diarrhoea
Stomach cramps
Abdominal pain
Fever

Treatment focuses on rehydration, rest, and supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

IBS is a chronic gastrointestinal disorder characterized by abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel habits. Symptoms may vary but can include diarrhoea, constipation, or alternating between the two.

Management may involve:

Dietary modifications
Stress reduction techniques
And occasionally medication, as guided by a healthcare professional

ibs in children — Image Source: https://aboutkidsgi.org/lower-gi/irritable-bowel-syndrome/

When To See A Doctor

It is important to consult a doctor if any of the following symptoms occur in a child.

Persistent or severe abdominal pain
Frequent vomiting or diarrhoea
Blood in stool or vomit
Poor weight gain or growth
Refusal to eat or drink
Persistent fever
Signs of dehydration (excessive thirst, dry mouth, decreased urination)
Significant changes in bowel habits or stool appearance
Concerns about food allergies or intolerances
Family history of gastrointestinal conditions
Any other persistent or concerning gastrointestinal symptoms

Conclusion

It’s important to note that each child’s condition may differ, and proper diagnosis and management should be determined by a healthcare professional specializing in pediatric gastrointestinal health. If your child experiences persistent or severe gastrointestinal symptoms, it is recommended to consult with a pediatric gastroenterologist for evaluation and appropriate treatment.

FAQs

Q1. What is the most common gastrointestinal disorder in children?

Ans. The most common gastrointestinal disorder in children is gastroenteritis, which refers to inflammation of the stomach and intestines, usually caused by viral or bacterial infections.

Q2. Which food is good for gastric in kids?

Ans. Some foods that are generally good for gastric health in kids include:

High-fibre foods like fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.
Probiotic-rich foods such as yoghurt or kefir.
Lean proteins like chicken, fish, or tofu.
Adequate fluid intake, including water and diluted fruit juices.

Q3. How do you prevent gastritis in children?

Ans. To prevent gastritis in children:

Encourage a healthy diet and avoid trigger foods like spicy or greasy foods.
Ensure regular and balanced meals, and promote hydration.
Teach and encourage good hand hygiene.
Consult a healthcare professional if medications may increase the risk of gastritis.

07 Sep 2023

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The Science of Kidney and Dialysis

When it comes to kidney failure, dialysis is one of the most beneficial and effective treatment options for people whose condition is not bad enough to make a kidney transplant a necessity. By the utilization of some specialized biological solutions along with the incorporation of technology, dialysis is an artificial method to purify blood and mimic kidney functioning.

Therefore, this article covers everything you need to know about kidney functioning and the role of dialysis in giving people with kidney failure a healthy life.

5 Primary Functions Of Kidneys

Kidneys are responsible for performing 5 crucial functions in your body:

1. Filtration Of Blood

Kidneys aid in excretion by filtering out the unwanted components from the blood to form urine. Some examples of waste products generated after the filtration of blood by kidneys include excessive fluids and electrolytes.

2. Maintaining The Fluid And Electrolyte Balance

Kidneys play an important role in maintaining the balance of fluids and electrolytes in your body along with the maintenance of acid-base levels. Examples of such electrolytes include:

Sodium
Potassium
Calcium

3. Regulation Of Blood Pressure

Having too high blood pressure can lead to diseases like hypertension whereas extremely low blood pressure causes hypotension. Both of these conditions can affect your day-to-day life negatively. Therefore, kidneys help in maintaining normal blood pressure by impacting your blood volume along with looking after the construction and dilation levels of your blood vessels.

4. Production Of Red Blood Cells

The main hormone that produces RBCs, that is, red blood cells is called erythropoietin. It functions by activating your bone marrow for red blood cell production. If your body doesn’t produce enough red blood cells, it can lead to a wide variety of health issues ranging from iron deficiency and ultimately causing anaemia.

5. Activation Of Vitamin D

Vitamin D is one of the most important vitamins that your body needs to keep your bones healthy and strong. Kidneys help to activate vitamin D to make it beneficial for your body.

What Happens When Your Kidneys Stop Working?

When your kidneys lose their ability to perform their functions efficiently, the development of a disease called kidney dysfunction, renal disease or simply kidney disease occurs. Improper functioning of kidneys leads to a broad range of health complications such as:

Excessive accumulation of waste products in your bloodstream leads to uremia
Fluid retention resulting in oedema
Muscle weakness
Irregular and abnormal heart rhythms
Disruption of electrolyte balances
High blood pressure
Anemia
Increase in the possibility of bone fractures
Acid-Base imbalances
Increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases
Decrease in urine output
Impaired immunity

As the renal disease progresses further it turns into chronic kidney disease (CKD) finally taking the form of End-stage renal disease (ESRD) When the end-stage renal disease worsens, the need for medical interventions such as dialysis or kidney transplantation becomes necessary.

What Is Dialysis And How Does It Help?

The process of dialysis works by acting the same as your kidneys to replace their primary functions and provide blood purification in a way that is almost the same as that done by kidneys except the process is artificial. For people having ESRD or end-stage renal disease, dialysis can provide relief and with regular management, patients can lead a healthy life.

There are 2 main types of dialysis procedures:

1. Hemodialysis

An equipment called a dialyser is used to remove and filter out the blood from a patient’s body. The dialyzer has a semi-permeable membrane that retains elements like proteins and blood cells as they are beneficial and necessary for your body while eliminating waste materials and extra fluids. Thus, the process carries out the cleaning of blood to finally return the purified blood to your body.

2. Peritoneal Dialysis

In this method, an instrument called a catheter is inserted into your abdominal cavity and the peritoneal membrane, a membrane that lines your abdominal cavity, is utilized as a natural filter. Following this, a liquid called dialysate solution is added to the peritoneal cavity.

Dialysate solution acts as a magnet that attracts the waste materials and other additional fluids from the blood.

When the dialysate solution reaches its capacity and it cannot filter the blood anymore, it is extracted and a fresh solution is then re-added in its place. These cycles are then repeated to facilitate proper filtration and excretion.

Benefits of dialysis

The key benefits of dialysis include:

Efficient waste removal which prevents kidney dysfunction symptoms from getting worse
Removal of excessive fluids to create proper fluid-electrolyte balance in the body
Electrolyte regulation to control the amount of electrolytes present in the blood
Maintenance of normal blood pressure levels
Alleviation of the symptoms causing pain and discount
Improved overall quality of life
Elongation of the lifespan of the patient
For people who want to get kidney transplantation, dialysis acts as an excellent bridge before the transplantation

Conclusion

In conclusion, if you follow your doctor’s instructions correctly and have regular visits to get dialysis done, you can lead a normal life even with end-stage renal disease.

However, it is essential to note that regular dialysis sessions are important for the correct maintenance of the effects of dialysis. Plus, adopting healthy lifestyle habits along with strictly following your doctor’s guidelines can help to maximize the benefits of dialysis.

23 Aug 2023

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The Role of Physical Therapy in Hip Replacement Recovery

Recognizing the significance of physical therapy in hip replacement recovery is vital for achieving optimal outcomes and restoring function. This article offers an introduction to the role of physical therapy in the recovery process, highlighting its benefits in helping patients regain strength, mobility, and independence after hip replacement surgery.

8 Key Components of Physical Therapy in Hip Replacement Recovery

Physical therapy is an essential component of the rehabilitation program designed to help patients regain strength, mobility, and function.

Here’s how physical therapy contributes to the recovery process:

1. Managing Pain And Discomfort

Physical therapists employ various techniques to help manage post-operative pain and discomfort. These may include:

Manual therapy techniques such as gentle joint mobilisations and soft tissue massage
Modalities like heat or cold therapy

2. Regaining Mobility And Range Of Motion

One of the primary goals of physical therapy is to restore joint range of motion and flexibility in the hip. Physical therapists guide patients through specific exercises and stretches that are designed to gradually increase mobility in the hip joint.

These exercises target:

Hip Flexors
Extensors
Abductors
Adductors
Rotator Muscles

3. Strengthening Muscles For Improved Joint Support

Following hip replacement surgery, the muscles surrounding the hip joint may have become weakened due to the surgery itself or pre-existing conditions.

Physical therapy includes targeted exercises to strengthen these muscles, such as:

Glutes
Quadriceps
Hamstrings
Core Muscles

Strengthening these muscles helps improve:

Joint stability
Overall function
And, supports the new hip joint

4. Gait Training (Training For Proper Walking Patterns)

Physical therapists assist patients in relearning proper walking techniques and regaining their balance and coordination. They may initially use assistive devices such as crutches or walkers to provide support while gradually transitioning to walking without assistance. Gait training focuses on achieving a normal, pain-free walking pattern and ensuring proper weight distribution.

5. Enhancing Balance And Coordination Abilities

Hip replacement surgery can temporarily affect balance and coordination. Physical therapists incorporate exercises and activities to enhance balance, stability, and coordination. These exercises may include:

Single-Leg Stance Exercises
Balance Boards
Proprioceptive training

6. Developing Functional Abilities For Everyday Tasks

Physical therapy aims to improve patient’s ability to perform everyday activities safely and efficiently. Therapists focus on training patients in tasks such as:

Sitting
Standing
Getting in and out of bed
Stair climbing

This functional training helps patients regain independence and confidence in their daily activities.

7. Providing Education And Guidance For Optimal Recovery

Physical therapists provide education on proper body mechanics, posture, and home exercises to optimize recovery and prevent future hip problems. They teach patients how to protect their new hip joints during activities, avoid excessive stress, and promote optimal healing.

8. Tailoring Care To Individual Needs

Each patient’s physical therapy program is tailored to their specific needs, goals, and unique circumstances. Physical therapists work closely with patients to monitor their progress and adjust the treatment plan accordingly. They ensure that the exercises and activities are appropriate for the patient’s age, overall health, and the surgical technique used.

By participating in a comprehensive physical therapy program, patients can achieve optimal recovery after hip replacement surgery. The guidance and expertise of a skilled physical therapist help maximize outcomes, improve functional abilities, and promote a smooth transition back to normal activities.

Conclusion

In conclusion, physical therapy plays a crucial role in the recovery journey following hip replacement surgery. By actively participating in physical therapy, patients can improve their quality of life, regain independence in daily activities, and confidently resume their normal routines. The expertise and personalized care provided by physical therapists contribute significantly to the overall success of hip replacement recovery.

Frequently Asked Questions

Most frequent questions and answers

Q1. What happens if you don’t take physical therapy after hip replacement?

If you don’t take physical therapy after hip replacement:

It may result in a limited range of motion and mobility in the hip joint.
Muscle weakness and atrophy may occur, affecting overall strength and stability.
Recovery may be slower, and it may take longer to regain functional abilities.
Pain and discomfort may persist due to a lack of proper rehabilitation.

Q2. When to start physical therapy after hip replacement?

Physical therapy after hip replacement usually starts within 24 to 48 hours after surgery, while still in the hospital or rehabilitation center. The exact timing may vary based on the surgeon’s recommendation and the patient’s overall health.

Q3. How long should I do physical therapy after hip replacement?

Physical therapy after hip replacement typically lasts for several weeks to a few months. The exact duration depends on various factors, including individual progress, specific goals, and the surgeon’s guidance. Most programs range from 6 to 12 weeks, but they can be longer for complex cases or patients with additional health considerations.

14 Aug 2023

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What Can I Expect With Bilateral Knee Replacement Surgery?

Having a clear understanding of what to expect with bilateral knee replacement surgery can help you prepare for the procedure and make informed decisions. This article provides an overview of bilateral knee replacement surgery, giving you an insight into the process, recovery, and rehabilitation involved.

Bilateral Knee Replacement Surgery: Expectations and Recovery Overview

Bilateral knee replacement surgery involves replacing both knee joints simultaneously. Here’s an overview of what you can generally expect with bilateral knee replacement surgery:

1. Pre-Operative Preparations

Before the surgery, you will undergo a thorough evaluation, including medical assessments, imaging tests, and discussions about the procedure.

Your surgeon will provide instructions on how to prepare, which may include:

Adjusting medications
Stopping certain medications
And, fasting before the surgery

2. Anesthesia

Bilateral knee replacement surgery is typically performed under general anaesthesia, which means you will be unconscious and pain-free during the procedure. The anaesthesia team will monitor you closely throughout the surgery.

3. Surgical Procedure

The surgeon will make incisions in both knees to access the knee joints. The damaged portions of the knee joints will be carefully removed and replaced with artificial implants made of metal and plastic.

The implants are designed to:

Restore joint function
Reduce pain
Improve mobility

4. Hospital Stay

After surgery, you will be taken to a recovery area and then transferred to a hospital room. The length of your hospital stay will vary depending on your overall health and the specific protocols of the surgical facility. Typically, a hospital stay of a few days to a week may be expected.

5. Pain Management

You will receive pain medication to manage any discomfort or pain after the surgery. The healthcare team will closely monitor your pain levels and adjust the medication accordingly.

6. Physical Therapy And Rehabilitation

Physical therapy usually starts shortly after surgery, focusing on exercises to improve movement and promote healing. A physical therapist will guide you through exercises to regain strength, flexibility, and mobility in your knees.

The rehabilitation period may last 6 to 12 weeks, and exercises will gradually increase mobility and help with everyday activities.

Initially, you may require assistance with walking and activities of daily living. Gradually, you will progress to more independent movement and exercises. Following instructions from the physical therapist and doctor is crucial for a complete recovery.

7. Recovery And Follow-Up

The recovery period after bilateral knee replacement surgery can take several weeks to months. It generally involves a few hours in the recovery room before being moved to a hospital room.

Hospitalization typically lasts three to five days for staged double knee replacements and up to 10 days for simultaneous double knee replacements. Medications will be given to manage pain, and the doctor will monitor for any signs of infection, blood clots, or complications.

Recovery time can vary based on age and overall health, with most people recovering within 12 months.

You will gradually regain strength and mobility in your knees, but it may take time to fully resume your normal activities. Follow-up appointments with your surgeon will be scheduled to monitor your progress and address any concerns.

It’s important to note that the specifics of your surgery and recovery may vary based on individual factors, such as overall health, age, and the surgeon’s approach. Your surgeon will provide you with detailed information and instructions tailored to your specific case to ensure a smooth recovery.

Risks and Challenges of Bilateral Knee Replacement Surgery

Infection: Risk of developing an infection at the surgical site.
Blood clots: Possibility of blood clot formation, known as deep vein thrombosis (DVT).
Bleeding: Potential for excessive bleeding during or after surgery.
Implant-related issues: Rare complications related to artificial knee implants, such as dislocation or loosening.
Nerve or blood vessel damage: Small risk of injury to nerves or blood vessels during surgery.
Pain and stiffness: Some patients may experience persistent pain or stiffness after surgery.
Anaesthetic risks: General anaesthesia carries its own set of low risks, such as adverse reactions or cardiovascular complications.

It’s important to discuss these risks with your surgeon and understand the steps taken to minimize them for a successful outcome.

Conclusion

Bilateral knee replacement surgery offers potential relief, but realistic expectations are important. Recovery requires a commitment to therapy and following instructions. Consulting with healthcare providers is essential for understanding the benefits, risks, and individual suitability.

FAQs

Q1. How long does the pain last after a double knee replacement?

Ans. The duration of pain after a double knee replacement varies, but most patients experience significant pain relief within 3-6 months. Mild discomfort or occasional pain may persist for up to a year as the body continues to heal and adapt.

Q2. What can you not do after a double knee replacement?

Ans. After a double knee replacement, you must avoid high-impact activities like running or jumping, twisting or pivoting on the knees, excessive bending or flexing, heavy lifting, and sitting on low or unstable surfaces that require significant effort to rise from.

03 Aug 2023

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How Do You Know When You Need Spine Surgery?

Understanding the need for spine surgery requires evaluation by a healthcare professional specialising in spine conditions. This article aims to provide insights into the indications and considerations involved in determining when spine surgery may be needed, offering guidance to individuals seeking to understand their treatment options.

Deciding on Spine Surgery: Indications and Considerations for Optimal Treatment

Spine surgery is typically recommended when conservative treatments have failed to alleviate symptoms or when the condition is severe and significantly impacting a person’s quality of life.

Here are some indications that may suggest the need for spine surgery:

Persistent Pain

If you have severe, persistent back or neck pain that does not respond to conservative treatments (such as rest, physical therapy, or medication) over a significant period, surgery may be considered.

Neurological Symptoms

The following symptoms may indicate nerve compression or damage:

Numbness
Tingling
Weakness
Loss of sensation in the arms, legs, or other body parts

In such cases, surgery may be recommended to relieve pressure on the affected nerves.

Progressive Neurological Deficits

Worsening neurological deficits may indicate a more urgent need for surgical intervention. examples include:

Difficulty walking
Coordination problems
Loss of bowel or bladder control

Structural Abnormalities

Imaging studies, such as X-rays, MRI, or CT scans, may reveal structural abnormalities like:

Herniated Discs
Spinal Stenosis
Spinal Instability
Deformities

If these abnormalities are causing significant pain, nerve compression, or spinal instability, surgery may be considered.

Failed Conservative Treatments

If conservative treatments have been tried without success, and the symptoms and functional limitations persist or worsen, surgery may be recommended as the next course of action.

Impact On Quality Of Life

If back or neck pain significantly impairs your daily activities, mobility, and overall quality of life, surgery may be considered to alleviate the pain and restore function.

Common Reasons for Spine Surgery

Here are some common reasons when spine surgery may be needed:

Herniated Disc: When a spinal disc bulges or ruptures, pressing on nearby nerves and causing pain, weakness, or numbness, surgery may be considered to remove or repair the affected disc.
Spinal Stenosis: This condition involves the narrowing of the spinal canal, which can lead to compression of the spinal cord or nerves. Surgery may be recommended to create more space and relieve pressure on the affected structures.
Spinal Deformities: Conditions such as scoliosis (abnormal sideways curvature) or kyphosis (excessive forward curvature) may require surgery to correct and stabilize the spine.
Spinal Fractures: Severe fractures, especially those affecting the stability of the spine, may require surgical intervention to realign and stabilize the fractured vertebrae.
Spinal Tumors: Surgery may be needed to remove tumours or growths that are affecting the spinal cord or nerves, aiming to relieve pressure and restore function.
Spinal Infections: In cases of severe spinal infections, surgical intervention may be necessary to remove infected tissue, stabilize the spine, or drain abscesses.
Spinal Instability: If the spine is unstable due to conditions like spondylolisthesis or vertebral fractures, surgery may be recommended to restore stability and prevent further damage.

Conclusion

It’s important to note that the decision for spine surgery is highly individualized and depends on various factors, including the specific spine condition, overall health, and patient preferences. It is best to consult with a qualified spine specialist who can evaluate your condition and provide personalized recommendations based on your unique circumstances.

FAQs

Q1. What are the common symptoms of spine problems?

Ans. Common symptoms of spine problems include:

Constant back or neck pain
Pain that travels from the back or neck and extends to other areas, such as the arms, legs, or buttocks.
Numbness or tingling
Muscle weakness
Limited mobility
Bowel or bladder dysfunction
Changes in sensation

Q2. Can spine surgery be avoided?

Ans. In certain cases, spine surgery can be avoided or postponed depending on the severity of symptoms, response to conservative treatments, stability of the condition, and individual factors. If symptoms are mild, manageable, and show improvement with non-surgical treatments, surgery may not be immediately necessary.

Q3. How is life after spine surgery?

Ans. Life after spine surgery often involves a period of recovery and rehabilitation. While some individuals experience significant pain relief and improved mobility, others may require time for the full benefits of surgery to manifest.

Q4. Is spinal surgery painful?

Ans. Spinal surgery itself is performed under general anaesthesia, so you won’t feel any pain during the procedure. However, it is common to experience some discomfort and pain during the recovery period after the surgery. The pain level can vary depending on the type of surgery and individual factors.

27 Jul 2023

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What are the stages of CKD?

The progression of CKD varies for each individual and is influenced by factors like kidney function, underlying causes, and overall health. This article provides an informative overview of the stages of CKD, offering insights into the changes that occur as the disease advances.

The 5 Stages of CKD: Tracking Kidney Function and Damage

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a long-term condition in which the kidneys gradually lose their ability to function correctly, leading to a decline in kidney function and potential complications. The stages of CKD are defined based on the estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR), which is a measure of kidney function, and the presence of kidney damage.

The 5 stages of CKD are as follows:

Stage 1: Kidney damage with normal or high eGFR

eGFR > 90 mL/min/1.73 m²
Kidney damage is present, but kidney function is still considered normal.
Proteinuria (abnormal amounts of protein in the urine) may be detected.
Usually, there are no symptoms in this stage.

Stage 2: Kidney damage with mild decrease in eGFR

eGFR 60-89 mL/min/1.73 m²
Kidney function is slightly impaired, but symptoms may still be absent. Fatigue
itching, loss of appetite, sleep problems and weakness are initial and nonspecific symptoms.
The kidneys are not working at full capacity, but the decreased function is mild.

Stage 3: Moderate decrease in eGFR

eGFR 30-59 mL/min/1.73 m²
Stage 3 is divided into two sub-stages:
Stage 3a: eGFR 45-59 mL/min/1.73 m²
Stage 3b: eGFR 30-44 mL/min/1.73 m²
Kidney function is significantly reduced, and the following symptoms may start appearing:
Back pain
Fatigue
Loss of appetite
Constant itching
Sleep problems
Hands and feet might swell
Too frequent or too rare urination
Weakness
Blood tests may show abnormalities related to kidney function.

Complications associated with reduced kidney function may arise:
Anaemia
Bone disease
High blood pressure

Stage 4: Severe decrease in eGFR

eGFR 15-29 mL/min/1.73 m²
Kidney function is markedly reduced.
Symptoms and complications become more pronounced.
While complications are the same as that in the case of stage 3 CKD, symptoms generally include:
Back pain
Chest pain
Decreased mental sharpness
Fatigue
Loss of appetite
Muscle twitches/cramps
Nausea and vomiting
Persistent itching
Shortness of breath
Sleep problems
Hands and feet might swell
Too frequent or too rare urination
Weakness
Preparation for kidney replacement therapy (dialysis or transplantation) often begins at this stage.
At this stage the possibility of a heart disease or even a stroke increases.

Stage 5: End-stage kidney disease

eGFR < 15 mL/min/1.73 m² or requiring dialysis
This is the most advanced stage of CKD.
Kidney function is severely impaired or completely lost.
Symptoms that are usually severe and can affect overall health include:
Back pain
Chest pain
Breathing problems
Decreased mental sharpness
Fatigue
Little to zero appetite
Muscle twitches/cramps
Nausea or vomiting
Persistent itching
Trouble sleeping
Severe weakness
Hands and feet might swell
Too frequent or too rare urination
Dialysis or kidney transplantation is necessary to sustain life.

Watch this video to learn more about the five stages of chronic kidney disease in detail:

Managing and Treating Chronic Kidney Disease: Key Approaches for Optimal Care

Here are some key points about the treatment and management of CKD:

Blood pressure control: Maintain optimal blood pressure levels through lifestyle changes and medication to slow CKD progression.
Medications: Take prescribed medications to manage symptoms and complications like anaemia or mineral imbalances.
Kidney-friendly diet: Follow a diet that controls protein, sodium, potassium, and phosphorus intake to lessen kidney burden.
Fluid intake monitoring: Keep track of fluid intake to prevent fluid retention and complications.
Regular monitoring and tests: Attend regular check-ups, blood, and urine tests to monitor kidney function and adjust treatment plans.
Healthy lifestyle: Adopt a healthy lifestyle with regular exercise, weight management, no smoking, and limited alcohol intake slow CKD progression.
Manage underlying conditions: Treat and manage underlying conditions contributing to CKD like hypertension or autoimmune disorders, to minimise kidney damage.
Dialysis or transplantation: In advanced CKD stages, you must consider dialysis or kidney transplantation.

Conclusion

Remember, the progression of CKD can vary for each person, and proper management is crucial to slow down its progression and prevent complications. Regular monitoring and guidance from medical professionals are important for individuals with CKD.

FAQs

Q1. How long does it take to go from stage 3 to stage 4 kidney disease?

Ans. Most patients transition from stage 3 to stage 4 kidney disease in 10 years or above.

Q2. What foods are good for stage 5 CKD patients?

Ans. Fruits and vegetables contain less amount of potassium including grapes, green beans, cucumber, pasta, noodles and rice.

19 Jul 2023

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Signs and Symptoms of Kidney Stones

Understanding the signs and symptoms can help identify and address kidney stones
promptly. This article provides an overview of kidney stones’ common signs and symptoms, helping you recognise potential indications and seek appropriate medical evaluation and treatment.

7 Common Signs and Symptoms of Kidney Stones: What to Look Out For

Here is a list of 7 of the most common symptoms of kidney stones:

1. Severe Pain

Kidney stones can cause excruciating pain, often described as colicky or cramp-like. Renal colic is one of the most hurtful kinds of pain that one can possibly imagine. The pain typically originates in the back, side, or lower abdomen.

Kidney stone pain usually begins suddenly and can change in location and intensity as the stone moves. The pain comes and goes in waves, which can be worsened by the ureter contracting to push the stone out. It is typically felt on the side and back below the ribs, and it may radiate to the belly and groin as the stone moves through the urinary tract.

The size of the stone doesn’t always determine the severity of the pain; even small stones can be very painful when they move or cause a blockage.

2. Hematuria

The condition of the presence of blood in your urine is called hematuria. It is one of the most common and easily detectable symptoms of kidney stones.

Blood may give the urine a pink, red, or brown colour.

While sometimes this blood is easily visible when you are urinating, other times, the size of the blood cells may be extremely small to not be visible to the naked eye. In such cases, hematuria can be detected through a microscopic examination of the urine.

3. Nausea And Vomiting

Kidney stone pain can cause nausea and may lead to episodes of vomiting. This can occur due to severe pain or as a response to the body’s attempt to cope with the discomfort.

4. Urinary Urgency And Frequency

Kidney stones can cause an increased urge to urinate or a need to urinate more frequently than usual.

Increased urgency and frequency of urination can signify that a kidney stone has moved into the lower part of the urinary tract. You may feel the need to use the bathroom more frequently throughout the day and night, sometimes even in a hurry. This symptom can be similar to the urgency experienced during a urinary tract infection (UTI).

However, the amount of urine passed may be minimal due to the blockage or obstruction caused by the kidney stone.

5. Painful Urination (Dysuria)

Some individuals with kidney stones may experience sharp pain or a burning sensation during urination.

When a kidney stone reaches the point where the ureter and bladder meet, you may start experiencing pain while urinating, which is called dysuria. Discomfort can occur when the stone irritates the lining of the urinary tract as it passes through.

If you’re unaware of the presence of a kidney stone, you might confuse the symptoms with a urinary tract infection (UTI). In some cases, there can be an infection along with the presence of the stone.

6. Cloudy Or Foul-Smelling Urine

Kidney stones can sometimes result in changes in urine appearance. Cloudy or foul-smelling urine can indicate a urinary tract infection (UTI) or kidney infection. About 16% of people with acute kidney stones also have a UTI. As a result, the urine may appear cloudy or have an unpleasant odour.

Cloudiness suggests the presence of pus in the urine, while the smell may come from bacteria causing the infection. Strong odours can also result from concentrated urine. If a UTI occurs alongside a kidney stone, it is considered a surgical emergency, even if there is no fever.

7. Fever And Chills

In some cases, kidney stones can lead to UTIs or kidney infections. Symptoms such as fever, chills, and general malaise may be present in such situations.

Conclusion

The presence and severity of these symptoms can vary from person to person. Additionally, some individuals with kidney stones may not experience any symptoms until the stone causes an obstruction or moves within the urinary tract. If you suspect kidney stones based on these signs, it’s important to seek medical evaluation for a proper diagnosis and treatment.

FAQs

Q1. What is the first symptom of kidney stones?

Ans. The first symptom of kidney stones can vary among individuals, but one common early symptom is intense pain. This pain often starts suddenly and can be felt in the back, side, or lower abdomen.

Q2. What does kidney stone pain feel like in a woman?

Ans. Kidney stone pain in women is often described as intense, sharp, and colicky. The sensation is often compared to being stabbed with a knife or experiencing severe cramps.

12 Jul 2023

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What Is Pediatric Kidney Disease?

‘Pediatric kidney disease’ is a broad-spectrum term that covers a range of conditions affecting the kidneys in children. This article includes a detailed guide on its causes, types, diagnosis, symptoms, and the role of healthcare professionals in treating them.

Types of Pediatric Kidney Diseases

Various types of pediatric kidney diseases can affect children. Here are some common types:

Congenital Anomalies

Congenital Hydronephrosis
Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD)

Glomerular Diseases
Inherited Disorders

Alport Syndrome
Nephronophthisis

Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)
Renal Tubular Disorders
Acquired Kidney Diseases

Acute Glomerulonephritis
Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome

Pediatric CKD (chronic kidney disease)

Kidney diseases are relatively uncommon in children. Many children may not exhibit noticeable symptoms until the disease has progressed. As a result, it becomes difficult to recognize the true number of affected children.

Pediatric CKD is one of the most commonly occurring types of kidney disorders in [1] boys over the age of 6 years when compared to girls.

The disease results in long-term kidney damage or kidney dysfunction. While complete recovery is not possible, your healthcare professional can help you and your child to manage it effectively for a healthy lifestyle.

Pediatric CKD progresses in 5 stages and is dependent on GFR (i.e. glomerular filtration rate).

Pediatric Renal Tumors

Pediatric renal tumours refer to the development of abnormal growths or tumours in the kidneys of children. They are relatively rare but represent a significant proportion of childhood malignancies.

The most common types of renal tumours in children include—

Wilms tumour
Clear cell sarcoma of the kidney
Renal cell carcinoma

Wilms tumour (Nephroblastoma):

Wilms tumour is the most common renal tumour in children. It usually affects children between the ages of 2 and 5. Imaging studies like ultrasound, CT scan, and MRI are used to evaluate the tumour and determine its extent.

Treatment typically involves a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and sometimes radiation therapy.

Clear Cell Sarcoma Of The Kidney (CCSK):

Clear cell sarcoma of the kidney is a rare malignant tumour that primarily affects young children. Treatment typically involves surgical resection of the tumour, sometimes followed by chemotherapy or radiation therapy depending on the specific case.

Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC):

RCC is extremely rare in children.

Children with RCC often present with symptoms such as:

abdominal pain
hematuria (blood in urine)
or a palpable mass.

Treatment for pediatric RCC usually involves surgical removal of the tumour, followed by additional therapies if needed.

Imaging studies, such as ultrasound, CT scan, and MRI, help evaluate the tumour and determine its characteristics in all the above 3 cases.

Pediatric Acute Kidney Injury

Pediatric acute kidney injury (AKI) refers to a sudden and sharp decline in kidney function in children. It is a serious condition that requires prompt recognition and the right actions to be taken at the right time to improve it.

AKI can result from various causes, including dehydration, sepsis, medication toxicity, urinary tract obstruction, and certain medical procedures.

Treatment may involve fluid resuscitation , optimizing hemodynamics , addressing the underlying cause, and providing renal support as necessary.

Acute Renal Failure In Pediatrics

Renal failure refers to the inability of the kidneys to adequately filter waste products and maintain fluid and electrolyte balance. It can be acute or chronic, and it can result from various underlying causes or certain medications.

Common symptoms may include—

Decreased Urine Output
Fluid Retention
High BP
Fatigue
Abnormal Electrolyte Levels

Common Symptoms Of Kidney Disease In Children

Most pediatric kidney diseases show little to no symptoms in the early stages and that is why their detection is not possible. However, when the disease gets worse following general symptoms are seen:

oedema
a significant increase or decrease in the production of urine. Some children might have the need to urinate more frequently sometimes resulting in wetting the bed.
proteinuria
hematuria
decreased appetite
feeling tired
fever
high blood pressure
itchy skin
nausea
vomiting
shortness of breath
trouble concentrating
weakness
weight loss
stunted growth

Diagnosis Of Pediatric Kidney Disease

The diagnosis of Children’s kidney diseases like pediatric renal tumours, pediatric acute kidney injury, acute renal failure in pediatrics, etc. is done using two types of methods:

Non-invasive Methods
Invasive Methods

The non-invasive methods include:

Physical Exam
Medical History
Urinalysis
Microalbuminuria
Creatinine Clearance
Imaging studies

Standard X-rays
Angiography

Intravenous Urography
Ultrasounds
CT Scans
Magnetic resonance imagery (MRI)

The invasive methods:

Blood Tests
Serum creatinine
Blood Urea Nitrogen
GFR
Voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG)
Kidney Biopsy

Treatment Approaches for Pediatric Kidney Disease

In order to treat and manage pediatric kidney diseases with maximum efficiency, it is very important to consider both: a pediatrician & a nephrologist.

Your healthcare professional might start by prescribing antibiotics (in case of an infection) to treat the underlying cause of the specific type of disease.

Treatment options depend on the type and severity of the kidney disease. They may include:

Medications

Doctors may prescribe medications to control blood pressure, reduce inflammation, manage proteinuria (excessive protein in urine), or treat underlying causes such as infections or autoimmune conditions.

Dietary Modifications

A balanced diet with appropriate restriction of certain nutrients, such as sodium and potassium, may be recommended to manage pediatric kidney disease.

Dialysis

In cases of advanced kidney failure, dialysis may be necessary to filter waste products and excess fluid from the blood. Pediatric patients may undergo either hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis, depending on individual circumstances.

Kidney Transplant

When kidney function is severely compromised, a kidney transplant may be considered. Transplantation offers the potential for long-term improvement in kidney function, providing a better quality of life for children with end-stage renal disease.

In addition to these treatments, healthcare professionals will also suggest regular monitoring, follow-up visits, and strict commitment to prescribed medications and lifestyle changes.

They work closely with pediatric nephrologists to develop a detailed care plan that addresses the unique needs of each child.

Conclusion

All in all, when it comes to keeping your child healthy, the more you delay, the more complicated the disease gets. Therefore, it is essential to call the doctor at the right time regardless of whether your child is an infant or older.

04 Jul 2023

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Can Pulmonary edema Be Treated?

What is pulmonary edema?

Pulmonary oedema is a medical condition that is treatable. It occurs when there is an excess buildup of fluid in the air sacs of the lungs.

This fluid buildup can make breathing difficult and cause symptoms such as coughing up foam or loose mucus, chest tightness, shortness of breath, and wheezing.

Pulmonary oedema can be caused by various factors such as heart problems, pneumonia, toxin exposure, medications, or chest trauma.

It is of two types: cardiogenic and noncardiogenic. A heart problem causes cardiogenic pulmonary oedema, while other factors cause non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema. Pulmonary edema can be acute or chronic and life-threatening, making immediate treatment necessary.

Diagnosis of pulmonary edema

Diagnosing pulmonary oedema typically involves a combination of physical examination, diagnostic tests, and imaging studies.

The following are some of the common diagnostic methods used to diagnose pulmonary edema:

Physical examination: A healthcare provider will perform a physical examination to check for signs of fluid buildup in the lungs. This may include listening to the lungs with a stethoscope to detect abnormal sounds such as crackles or wheezes.
Chest X-ray: A chest X-ray can help visualise the presence of fluid in the lungs, which can confirm a diagnosis of pulmonary oedema. It is one of the first tests ordered.
Pulse oximetry: A small device clips onto a finger or earlobe and measures the amount of oxygen in the blood. This test can help determine if the lungs are effectively oxygenating the blood.
B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) blood test: A BNP blood test measures the hormone level produced in response to excess fluid buildup by the heart. It can help distinguish between cardiac and non-cardiac causes of pulmonary oedema.
Chest computerised tomography (CT) scan: A chest CT scan is a series of X-ray images that creates a detailed picture of the lungs and can help identify the underlying cause of pulmonary edema.
Arterial blood gas test: This test measures oxygen and carbon dioxide level in the blood and can help assess the severity of pulmonary oedema.
Electrocardiogram: An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a test that records the heart’s electrical activity. This test can help diagnose any underlying heart problems causing pulmonary edema.
Echocardiogram: It is an imaging test that uses ultrasound to create detailed images of the heart. It helps to identify any abnormalities in heart function contributing to pulmonary edema.
Cardiac catheterisation: In this test, a thin, flexible tube is inserted into a blood vessel and threaded up to the heart. This test can help measure the pressure inside the heart and lungs, which can help diagnose pulmonary oedema.
Complete Blood Count: A complete blood count (CBC) test is done to

identify any infections or other conditions contributing to pulmonary edema.

Lungs Ultrasound: A lung ultrasound is non-invasive and creates lung images using high-frequency sound waves. It is used to identify the presence of fluid in the lungs.

A timely and appropriate diagnosis is crucial for effectively treating and managing this potentially life-threatening condition.

Can pulmonary edema be treated?

The treatment for pulmonary oedema is available and it depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. The following are some common treatment options:

Medications: Diuretics are commonly used to help remove excess fluid from the lungs and improve breathing. Inotropes are used to help improve heart function. Morphine may be given to reduce anxiety and improve breathing, and blood pressure drugs can be used to reduce the workload on the heart.
Breathing Tube in the Trachea: In severe cases of pulmonary edema, a breathing tube may be inserted into the trachea that helps patients breathe more effectively.
Oxygen Therapy: Oxygen therapy may be provided using a mask, nasal cannula, or positive pressure mask to help increase the amount of oxygen in the blood.
Renal Replacement Therapy: In some cases, pulmonary edema may be caused by kidney failure. In such cases, renal replacement therapy, such as dialysis, may be necessary to remove excess fluid from the body.
Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP): CPAP therapy involves using a machine that delivers a continuous flow of air pressure to the lungs through a mask. It helps reduce the amount of fluid in the lungs and improve breathing.

In addition to these treatments, addressing the underlying cause of pulmonary edema is important. This may involve treating an underlying heart condition, such as heart failure or arrhythmia, or addressing an infection or toxin exposure.

Prevention of pulmonary edema

Here are some preventative measures you can take to reduce your risk of developing pulmonary edema:

Manage Blood Pressure: High blood pressure is one of the major risk factors for pulmonary edema. By managing your blood pressure, you can significantly reduce your risk. Lifestyle changes such as exercise, a healthy diet, and reducing stress can help manage blood pressure. Some may need medications.
Manage Weight: Excess weight can strain the heart and lungs, increasing the risk of pulmonary edema. By maintaining a healthy weight, one can reduce your risk significantly. It can be done by eating a healthy, balanced diet and exercising regularly.
Avoid Smoking: Smoking cigarettes poses a great risk for pulmonary edema. Quitting smoking improves overall health, and it can significantly help to prevent the development of this condition.
Consume Less Salt: High salt intake can lead to fluid retention and increased blood pressure, increasing the risk of pulmonary oedema. Reducing your salt intake can help prevent this condition. Try to limit processed and packaged foods and add more fresh fruits and vegetables to your diet.
Regulate Cholesterol Levels: High cholesterol can increase the risk of heart disease and other conditions leading to fluid buildup in the lungs, increasing the risk of pulmonary edema. By regulating your cholesterol levels, you can reduce your risk.

These preventative measures can significantly reduce the risk of developing pulmonary edema and improve overall health.

Conclusion

Pulmonary edema can be a serious and life-threatening condition but treatable. The treatment options depend on the underlying cause and severity of the condition.

The main goal of treatment is to remove the excess fluid from the lungs and improve breathing. Oxygen therapy, medications to reduce fluid buildup and improve heart function, and mechanical ventilation or surgery are some of the available treatment options in severe cases.

It is important to seek medical attention if you experience symptoms of pulmonary oedema, as early intervention can improve outcomes and prevent complications. With proper treatment and management, many people with pulmonary oedema can lead full and healthy lives.

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